ĐỀ THI READING B1

PASSAGE 1 - Questions 1-10

When the United Nations was first formed in 1945, only 51 countries were members. Now, however, the United Nations is truly a world organization. In fact, today almost every nation in the world is a member of the UN. The main goal of the United Nations is to bring different nations together to promote peace and justice in the world. The UN also works to make the world a safe and secure place.

It is important to remember that the UN is not a ‘world government’. This means that the UN does not make laws for different countries to follow. It also does not enforce laws made by governments. However, the UN does hold regular votes on global policies and issues. Also, like a government, the UN is divided into different branches, or sections. Considering that the UN is such a large organization, it makes sense that it needs to be separated into different pieces to be effective. There are six branches in the United Nations. Below, the first three branches of the UN are discussed. In a later chapter, the other three divisions will be explained.

The main branch is called the “General Assembly”. In this branch, all members of the United Nations are represented. Each member country has one vote. These votes are counted when the UN has meetings about world issues. For example, if there is a problem in a certain area of the world or a particular country, the UN will vote on how to best solve the problem. At least two-thirds of all member countries, that is 67 percent, must agree on how to resolve the problem in order for the UN to take action. If less than two-thirds of the voting countries agree, no immediate action is taken.

Another branch of the UN is the Security Council.  [A] The main purpose of this department is to maintain international peace and keep the world secure.  [B] In this branch, there are only fifteen members. Five of these members are permanent. The permanent members are China, France, Russia, the United Kingdom (Britain), and the United States.  [C] The other ten members are elected by the General Assembly for two-year terms.  [D]

The third important branch of the UN is the Economic and Social Council. This branch works to help monitor the world economy. It also works to solve social issues around the world. For example, issues of concern for the Economic and Social Council are violations of human rights, the fight against international crime such as selling illegal drugs, and destruction of the environment. There are 54 government representatives serving on this council. These members are elected to represent certain areas of the world, so the council has fourteen members from Africa, eleven from Asia, ten from South America, and nineteen from Europe and North America.

1. The word ‘branches’ in the paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to

A. growing parts

B. locations

C. divisions

D. places

2. The word ‘maintain’ in paragraph 4 is closest in meaning to

A. hold on to

B. preserve

C. develop

D. argue

3. The pronoun ‘it’ in paragraph 5 refers to

A. the world economy

B. the general assembly of the UN

C. the monitors

D. the Economic and Social Council

4. How does the author argue that the UN is a true global organization?

A. There are 51 nations involved.

B. It allows each country to vote.

C. It includes almost all countries in the world.

D. It acts as a global government.

5. According to the passage, where does the largest percentage of representatives on the Economic and Social Council come from?

A. South America

B. Asia

C. Europe and North America

D. Africa

6. According to the passage, how many members of the Security Council are elected on a rotating basis?

A. 15

B. 5

C. 20

D. 10

7. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the bold sentence in paragraph 3? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.

A. The United Nations cannot take action right away because the General Assembly always has to meet together and vote.

B. At least 66 percent of the General Assembly votes whenever the UN is asked to take action.

C. A certain number of members must vote the same way in order for the assembly to do something.

D. Countries that vote in the General Assembly of the UN seldom agree, so immediate action on issues is not taken.

8. All of the following statements are true EXCEPT

A. The Economic and Social Council has fewer members than the Security Council.

B. There are six branches of the UN.

C. China is one of the five permanent members of the Security Council.

D. The UN tries to promote world issue and peace.

9. What does the author imply when he explains that the UN is not a world government?

A. The UN would probably work better if it did function as a government.

B. Some larger countries would like the UN to be a government.

C. Many people mistakenly think that the UN is really a type of government.

D. Countries do not like governments.

10. Where can the following sentence be added to the passage?

If the Council feels that international peace is being threatened, the fifteen members will try to outline a way to solve the situation in a peaceful manner.

A. [A]

B. [B]

C. [C]

D. [D]

PASSAGE 2 - Questions 11-20

Sometimes it’s hard to figure out if you have a food allergy, since it can show up so many different ways. Your symptoms could be caused by many other problems. You may have rashes, hives, joint pains mimicking arthritis, headaches, irritability, or depression. The most common food allergies are to milk, eggs, seafood, wheat, nuts, seeds, chocolate, oranges, and tomatoes. Many of these allergies will not develop if these foods are not fed to an infant until her or his intestines mature at around seven months. Breast milk also tends to be protective. Migraines can be set off by foods containing tyramine, phenathylamine, monosodium glutamate, or sodium nitrate. Common foods which contain these are chocolate, aged cheeses, sour cream, red wine, pickled herring, chicken livers, avocados, ripe bananas, cured meats, many Oriental and prepared foods read the labels!.. Some people have been successful in treating their migraines with supplement of B-vitamins, particularly B6 and niacin. Children who are hyperactive may benefit from eliminating food additives, especially colorings, and foods high in salicylates from their diets. A few of these are almonds, green peppers, peaches, tea, grapes. This is the diet made popular by Benjamin Feingold, who has written the book ‘Why your Child is Hyperactive’. Other researchers have had mixed results when testing whether the diet is effective.

11. The topic of this passage is

A. reactions to foods

B. food and nutrition

C. infants and allergies

D. a good diet

12. According to the passage, the difficulty in diagnosing allergies to foods is due to

A. the vast number of different foods we eat

B. lack of proper treatment plan

C. the similarity of symptoms of the allergy to other problems

D. the use of prepared formula to feed babies

13. The word “symptom” is closest in meaning to

A. Indications

B. Diet

C. Diagnosis

D. Prescriptions

14. The phrase “set off” is closest in meaning to

A. Relieved

B. Identified

C. Avoided

D. Triggered

15. What can be inferred about babies from this passage?

A. They can eat almost nothing.

B. They should have a carefully restricted diet as infants.

C. They gain little benefit from being breast fed.

D. They may become hyperactive if fed solid food too early.

16. The word “hyperactive” is closest in meaning to

A. overly active

B. unusually low activity

C. Excited

D. Inquisitive

17. The author states that the reason that infants need to avoid certain foods related to allergies has to do with the infant’s

A. lack of teeth

B. poor metabolism

C. underdeveloped intestinal tract

D. inability to swallow solid foods

18. The word “these” refers to

A. food additives

B. food colorings

C. innutritious foods

D. foods high in salicylates

19. Which of the following was a suggested treatment for migraines in the passage?

A. Eating more ripe bananas

B. Avoiding all Oriental foods

C. Getting plenty of sodium nitrate

D. Using Vitamin B in addition to a good diet

20. According to the passage the Feingold diet is NOT

A. verified by researchers as being consistently effective

B. available in book form

C. beneficial for hyperactive children

D. designed to eliminate foods containing certain food additives

PASSAGE 3 – Questions 21 - 30

If we believe that clothing has to do with covering the body, and costume with the choice of a particular form of garment for a particular use, then we can say that clothing depends primarily on such physical conditions as climate, health, and textile manufacture, whereas costume reflects social factors such as religious beliefs, aesthetics, personal status, and the wish to be distinguished from or to emulate our fellows.

The ancient Greeks and the Chinese believed that we first covered our body for some physical reason such as protecting ourselves from the elements. Ethnologists and psychologist have invoked psychological reasons: modesty in the case of the ancients, and taboo, magical influence and the desire to please for the moderns.

In early history, costume must have fulfilled a function beyond that of simple utility, perhaps through some magical significance, investing primitive man with the attributes of other creatures. Ornaments identified the wearer with animals, gods, heroes or other men. This identification remains symbolic in more sophisticated societies. We should bear in mind that the theater has its distant origins in sacred performances, and in all periods children at play have worn disguises, so as to adapt gradually to adult life.

Costume helped inspire fear or impose authority. For a chieftain, costume embodied attributes expressing his power, while a warrior’s costume enhanced his physical superiority and suggested he was superhuman. In more recent times, professional or administrative costume has been devised to distinguish the wearer and to express personal or delegated authority; this purpose is seen clearly in the judge’s robes and the police officer’s uniform. Costume denotes power, and since power is usually equated with wealth, costume came to be an expression of social caste and material prosperity. Military uniform denotes rank and is intended to intimidate, to protect the body and to express membership in a group. At the bottom of the scale, there are such compulsory costumes as the convict’s uniform. Finally, costume can possess a religious significance that combines various elements: an actual or symbolic identification with a god, the desire to express this in earthly life, and the desire to enhance the wearer’s position of respect.

21. The passage mainly discusses costume in terms of its

A. physical protection

B. religious significance

C. social function

D. beauty and attractiveness

22. What is the purpose of paragraph 1?

A. To describe the uses of costume

B. To contrast costume with clothing

C. To trace the origins of costume

D. To point out that clothing developed before costume

23. Psychological reasons for wearing garments include

A. protection from cold

B. availability of materials

C. prevention of illness

D. wishing to give pleasure

24. The word “investing” in paragraph 3 could best be replaced by

A. endowing

B. creating

C. wrapping

D. frightening

25. The word “Ornaments” in paragraph 3 is closest meaning to

A. garments

B. representations

C. details

D. decorations

26. It can be inferred from paragraph 3 that

A. the function of costume has become very sophisticated

B. children like to identify with other creatures by wearing costumes

C. primitive people wore clothes only for sacred performances

D. costume no longer fulfills a function beyond simple utility

27. Why does the author mention “the police officer’s uniform” in paragraph 4?

A. To illustrate the aesthetic function of costume

B. To identify the wearer with a hero

C. To suggest that police are superhuman

D. To show how costume signifies authority

28. The word “denotes” in paragraph 4 is closest meaning to

A. disguises

B. describes

C. indicates

D. denigrates

29. The word “scale” in paragraph 4 refers to

A. symbolic identification

B. military rank

C. social position

D. the balance

30. Which of the following would most likely NOT be reflected in a person’s costume, as it is defined in the passage?

A. Having a heart condition

B. Playing in a baseball game

C. Working in a hospital

D. Participating in a religious ceremony

PASSAGE 4 – Questions 31 - 40

Harvard University, today recognized as part of the top echelon of the world’s universities, came from very inauspicious and humble beginnings.

This oldest of American universities was founded in 1636, just sixteen years after the Pilgrims landed at Plymouth. Included in the Puritan emigrants to the Massachusetts colony during this period were more than 100 graduates of England’s prestigious Oxford and Cambridge universities, and these universities graduates in the New World were determined that their sons would have the same educational opportunities that they themselves had had. Because of this support in the colony for an institution of higher learning, the General Court of Massachusetts appropriated 400 pounds for a college in October of 1936 and early the following year decided on a parcel of land for the school; this land was in an area called Newtown, which was later renamed Cambridge after its English cousin and is the site of present-day university.

When a young minister named John Harvard, who came from the neighboring town of Charlestown, died from tuberculosis in 1638, he willed half of his estate of 1,700 pounds to the fledgling college. In spite of the fact that only half of the bequest was actually paid, the General Court named the college after the minister in appreciation for what he had done. The amount of the bequest may not have been large, particularly by today’s standards, but it was more than the General Court had found it necessary to appropriate in order to open the college.

Henry Dunster was appointed the first president of Harvard in 1640, and it should be noted that in addition to serving as president, he was also the entire faculty, with an entering freshman class of four students. Although the staff did expand somewhat, for the first century of its existence the entire teaching staff consisted of the president and three or four tutors.

31. The main idea of this passage is that

A. Harvard is one of the world’s most prestigious universities

B. what is today a great university started out small

C. John Harvard was key to the development of a great university

D. Harvard University developed under the auspices of the General Court of Massachusetts

32. The passage indicates that Harvard is

A. one of the oldest universities in the world

B. the oldest university in the world

C. one of the oldest universities in America

D. the oldest university in America

33. It can be inferred from the passage that the Puritans who traveled to the Massachusetts colony were

A. rather well educated

B. rather rich

C. rather supportive of the English government

D. rather undemocratic

34. The pronoun “they” in paragraph 2 refers to

A. Oxford and Cambridge universities

B. universities graduates

C. sons

D. educational opportunities

35. The word “pounds” in paragraph 2 are probably

A. types of books

B. college students

C. units of money

D. school campuses

36. The “English cousin” in paragraph 2 refers to a

A. city

B. relative

C. person

D. court

37. Which of the following is NOT mentioned about John Harvard?

A. What he died of

B. Where he came from

C. Where he was buried

D. How much he bequeathed to Harvard

38. The word “fledgling” in paragraph 3 could best be replaced by

A. Newborn

B. Flying

C. Winged

D. Established

39. The passage implies that

A. Henry Dunster was an ineffective president

B. Someone else really served as president of Harvard before Henry Dunster

C. Henry Dunster spent much of his time as president managing the Harvard faculty

D. The position of president of Harvard was not merely an administrative position in the early years

40. The word “somewhat” in paragraph 4 could best be replaced by

A. back and forth

B. to and for

C. side by side

D. more and less

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